The case for OH suppression at near-infrared wavelengths

TL;DR

Using fibre Bragg gratings to suppress hydroxyl emission lines in the near-infrared spectrum can significantly improve observational sensitivity, enabling groundbreaking cosmological and astrophysical research.

Contribution

This paper demonstrates the potential of fibre Bragg gratings for high-resolution OH suppression, surpassing traditional methods and enabling deeper near-infrared astronomical observations.

Findings

Fibre Bragg gratings can remove 150 OH lines in J and H bands with 30dB suppression.

Sky surface brightness can be reduced by approximately 4 magnitudes.

OH suppression prior to dispersion is necessary to reach the interline continuum sensitivity.

Abstract

We calculate the advances in near-infrared astronomy made possible through the use of fibre Bragg gratings to selectively remove hydroxyl emission lines from the night sky spectrum. Fibre Bragg gratings should remove OH lines at high resolution (R=10,000), with high suppression (30dB) whilst maintaining high throughput (~90 per cent) between the lines. Devices currently under construction should remove 150 lines in each of the J and H bands, effectively making the night sky surface brightness ~4 magnitudes fainter. This background reduction is greater than the improvement adapative optics makes over natural seeing; photonic OH suppression is at least as important as adaptive optics for the future of cosmology. We present a model of the NIR sky spectrum, and show that the interline continuum is very faint (~80 ph/s/m^s/arcsec/micron on the ecliptic plane). We show that OH suppression by high dispersion, i.e. `resolving out' the skylines, cannot obtain the required level of sensitivity to reach the interline continuum due to scattering of light. The OH lines must be suppressed prior to dispersion. We have simulated observations employing fibre Bragg gratings of first light objects, high redshift galaxies and cool, low-mass stars. The simulations are of complete end-to-end systems from object to detector. The results demonstrate that fibre Bragg grating OH suppression will significantly advance our knowledge in many areas of astrophysics, and in particular will enable rest-frame ultra-violet observations of the Universe at the time of first light and reionisation.