A new twist to an old story: HE 0450-2958, and the ULIRG$\to $(optically bright QSO) transition hypothesis

TL;DR

This study uses interferometric imaging to reveal that the companion galaxy, not the QSO, hosts a significant gas reservoir fueling an intense starburst, challenging previous assumptions about the host galaxy of HE 0450-2958 and its transition from ULIRG to QSO.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed CO imaging of HE 0450-2958, showing the starburst occurs in the companion galaxy, not the QSO, and suggests a new perspective on galaxy interactions triggering QSO activity.

Findings

CO emission is associated with the companion galaxy, not the QSO.

The companion galaxy hosts a starburst with SFR ~370 M_sun/yr.

HE 0450-2958 is an extreme starburst system linked to QSO activity.

Abstract

We report on interferometric imaging of the CO J=1--0 and J=3--2 line emission from the controversial QSO/galaxy pair HE 0450--2958. {\it The detected CO J=1--0 line emission is found associated with the disturbed companion galaxy not the luminous QSO,} and implies $\rm M_{gal}(H_2)\sim (1-2)\times 10^{10} M_{\odot}$, which is $\ga 30% $ of the dynamical mass in its CO-luminous region. Fueled by this large gas reservoir this galaxy is the site of an intense starburst with $\rm SFR\sim 370 M_{\odot} yr^{-1}$, placing it firmly on the upper gas-rich/star-forming end of Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIRGs, $\rm L_{IR}>10^{12} L_{\odot}$). This makes HE 0450--2958 the first case of extreme starburst and powerful QSO activity, intimately linked (triggered by a strong interaction) but not coincident. The lack of CO emission towards the QSO itself renews the controversy regarding its host galaxy by making a gas-rich spiral (the typical host of Narrow Line Seyfert~1 AGNs) less likely. Finally, given that HE 0450--2958 and similar IR-warm QSOs are considered typical ULIRG$\to $(optically bright QSO) transition candidates, our results raise the possibility that some may simply be {\it gas-rich/gas-poor (e.g. spiral/elliptical) galaxy interactions} which ``activate'' an optically bright unobscured QSO in the gas-poor galaxy, and a starburst in the gas-rich one. We argue that such interactions may have gone largely unnoticed even in the local Universe because the combination of tools necessary to disentagle the progenitors (high resolution and S/N optical {\it and} CO imaging) became available only recently.