Studying Turbulence from Doppler-broadened Absorption Lines: Statistics of Logarithms of Intensity

TL;DR

This paper extends the Velocity Coordinate Spectrum technique to Doppler-broadened absorption lines, including saturated lines, enabling turbulence analysis in interstellar gas through spectroscopic data without requiring spatial sampling.

Contribution

It introduces a method to analyze turbulence using absorption lines with varying optical depths within the VCS framework, including saturated lines, enhancing turbulence tomography capabilities.

Findings

Applicable to lines with optical depth less than one using logarithms of intensity

Limited information from saturated lines due to noise, focusing on line wings

Combining lines of different optical depths improves turbulence analysis

Abstract

We continue our work on developing techniques for studying turbulence with spectroscopic data. We show that Doppler-broadened absorption spectral lines, in particularly, saturated absorption lines, can be used within the framework of the earlier-introduced technique termed the Velocity Coordinate spectrum (VCS). The VCS relates the statistics of fluctuations along the velocity coordinate to the statistics of turbulence, thus it does not require spatial coverage by sampling directions in the plane of the sky. We consider lines with different degree of absorption and show that for lines of optical depth less than one, our earlier treatment of the VCS developed for spectral emission lines is applicable, if the optical depth is used instead of intensity. This amounts to correlating the logarithms of absorbed intensities. For larger optical depths and saturated absorption lines, we show, that the amount of information that one can use is, inevitably, limited by noise. In practical terms, this means that only wings of the line are available for the analysis. In terms of the VCS formalism, this results in introducing an additional window, which size decreases with the increase of the optical depth. As a result, strongly saturated absorption lines carry the information only about the small scale turbulence. Nevertheless, the contrast of the fluctuations corresponding to the small scale turbulence increases with the increase of the optical depth, which provides advantages for studying turbulence combining lines with different optical depths. Combining different absorption lines one can tomography turbulence in the interstellar gas in all its complexity.