Deep MIPS Observations of the IC 348 Nebula: Constraints on the Evolutionary State of Anemic Circumstellar Disks and the Primordial-to-Debris Disk Transition

TL;DR

This study uses deep MIPS photometry and optical spectroscopy to analyze the evolutionary stages of circumstellar disks in the 2.5 million-year-old IC 348 Nebula, revealing mass-dependent disk evolution and transitional disk frequencies.

Contribution

It provides new observational data and models to understand the evolution and transition timescales of disks around stars of different masses in IC 348.

Findings

Most primordial disks are around lower-mass stars.

Higher-mass stars tend to have debris disks and less gas accretion.

Transitional disk frequency is 15-35% for stars >0.5 Msun.

Abstract

We describe new, deep MIPS photometry and new high signal-to-noise optical spectroscopy of the 2.5 Myr-old IC 348 Nebula. To probe the properties of the IC 348 disk population, we combine these data with previous optical/infrared photometry and spectroscopy to identify stars with gas accretion, to examine their mid-IR colors,and to model their spectral energy distributions. IC 348 contains many sources in different evolutionary states, including protostars and stars surrounded by primordial disks, two kinds of transitional disks, and debris disks. Most disks surrounding eary/intermediate spectral-type stars (> 1.4 Msun at 2.5 Myr) are debris disks; most disks surrounding solar and subsolar-mass stars are primordial disks. At the 1--2 sigma level, more massive stars also have a smaller frequency of gas accretion and smaller mid-IR luminosities than lower-mass stars. These trends are suggestive of a stellar mass-dependent evolution of disks, where most disks around high/intermediate-mass stars shed their primordial disks on rapid, 2.5 Myr timescales. The frequency of MIPS-detected transitional disks is ~ 15--35% for stars plausibly more massive than 0.5 Msun. The relative frequency of transitional disks in IC 348 compared to that for 1 Myr-old Taurus and 5 Myr-old NGC 2362 is consistent with a transition timescale that is a significant fraction of the total primordial disk lifetime.