Exploring Interstellar Titanium and Deuterium Abundances and Other Correlations

TL;DR

This study investigates the relationship between interstellar deuterium and titanium abundances, revealing significant correlations and exploring the effects of dust depletion and ionization on observed variability in the local interstellar medium.

Contribution

It extends previous research by confirming and constraining the correlation between TiII/HI and D/H, and introduces new insights into ionization effects and metal depletion in interstellar clouds.

Findings

Confirmed correlation between TiII/HI and D/H ratios.

Excluded measurement uncertainties as primary cause of correlations.

Identified ionization effects as a potential bias in metal abundance gradients.

Abstract

The origin of the observed variability of the gas-phase D/H ratio in the local interstellar medium is still debated, and in particular the role of deuterium depletion onto dust grains. Here we extend the study of the relationship between deuterium and titanium, a refractory species and tracer of elemental depletion, and explore other relationships. We have acquired high resolution spectra for nine early-type stars using the VLT/UVES spectrograph, and detected the absorption lines of interstellar TiII. Using a weighted orthogonal distance regression (ODR) code and a special method to treat non symmetric errors, we compare the TiII columns with the corresponding HI, DI and also OI columns. We perform in parallel the same comparisons for available FeII data. We find a significant correlation between TiII/HI and D/H in our data set, and, when combined with published results, we confirm and better constrain a previously published trend and extend it to low HI columns. We exclude uncertainties in HI and OI columns as the main contributor to the derived metals-deuterium correlations by showing that the TiII/HI ratio is positively correlated with DI/OI. We find a similar correlation between FeII/HI and DI/OI.The TiII gradients are similar or slightly smaller than for FeII, while one would expect larger variations on the basis of the higher condensation temperature of titanium. However we argue that ionisation effects introduce biases that affect iron and not titanium and may explain the gradient similarity. We find a less significant negative correlation between the TiII/DI ratio and the hydrogen column, possibly a sign of different evaporation of D and metals according to the cloud properties.