The optimal phase of the generalised Poincare dodecahedral space hypothesis implied by the spatial cross-correlation function of the WMAP sky maps

TL;DR

This study investigates the Poincare dodecahedral space model of the universe by analyzing WMAP sky maps, finding strong cross-correlations and a twist angle consistent with the model, suggesting a finite, multiply connected universe.

Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive analysis confirming the PDS model's predictions using WMAP data with a novel MCMC optimization approach.

Findings

Strong cross-correlation consistent with PDS predictions

Optimal twist angle found near 39°, matching PDS expectations

Chance probability of the result under simply connected model is 6-9%

Abstract

Several studies have proposed that the shape of the Universe may be a Poincare dodecahedral space (PDS) rather than an infinite, simply connected, flat space. Both models assume a close to flat FLRW metric of about 30% matter density. We study two predictions of the PDS model. (i) For the correct model, the spatial two-point cross-correlation function, $\ximc$, of temperature fluctuations in the covering space, where the two points in any pair are on different copies of the surface of last scattering (SLS), should be of a similar order of magnitude to the auto-correlation function, $\xisc$, on a single copy of the SLS. (ii) The optimal orientation and identified circle radius for a "generalised" PDS model of arbitrary twist $\phi$, found by maximising $\ximc$ relative to $\xisc$ in the WMAP maps, should yield $\phi \in \{\pm 36\deg\}$. We optimise the cross-correlation at scales < 4.0 h^-1 Gpc using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method over orientation, circle size and $\phi$. Both predictions were satisfied: (i) an optimal "generalised" PDS solution was found, with a strong cross-correlation between points which would be distant and only weakly correlated according to the simply connected hypothesis, for two different foreground-reduced versions of the WMAP 3-year all-sky map, both with and without the kp2 Galaxy mask: the face centres are $(l,b)_{i=1,6}\approx (184d, 62d), (305d, 44d), (46d, 49d), (117d, 20d), (176d, -4d), (240d, 13d) to within ~2d, and their antipodes; (ii) this solution has twist \phi= (+39 \pm 2.5)d, in agreement with the PDS model. The chance of this occurring in the simply connected model, assuming a uniform distribution $\phi \in [0,2\pi]$, is about 6-9%.