The Hemispheric Asymmetry of Solar Activity During the Twentieth Century and the Solar Dynamo

TL;DR

This study investigates the hemispheric asymmetry of solar activity during the twentieth century, linking observational data and dynamo modeling to understand how polar field asymmetries influence sunspot cycle asymmetries.

Contribution

It provides a combined observational and theoretical analysis showing the correlation between polar field asymmetry and subsequent solar cycle asymmetry, with a quantification of asymmetry attenuation.

Findings

Hemispheric asymmetry correlates with the next cycle's asymmetry (correlation coefficient 0.73).

Asymmetry tends to be reduced over time due to hemispheric coupling.

The reduction factor of asymmetry is approximately 0.38 observationally and 0.60 in simulations.

Abstract

We believe the Babcock--Leighton process of poloidal field generation to be the main source of irregularity in the solar cycle. The random nature of this process may make the poloidal field in one hemisphere stronger than that in the other hemisphere at the end of a cycle. We expect this to induce an asymmetry in the next sunspot cycle. We look for evidence of this in the observational data and then model it theoretically with our dynamo code. Since actual polar field measurements exist only from 1970s, we use the polar faculae number data recorded by Sheeley (1991) as a proxy of the polar field and estimate the hemispheric asymmetry of the polar field in different solar minima during the major part of the twentieth century. This asymmetry is found to have a reasonable correlation with the asymmetry of the next cycle. We then run our dynamo code by feeding information about this asymmetry at the successive minima and compare with observational data. We find that the theoretically computed asymmetries of different cycles compare favourably with the observational data, the correlation coefficient being 0.73. Due to the coupling between the two hemispheres, any hemispheric asymmetry tends to get attenuated with time. The hemispheric asymmetry of a cycle either from observational data or from theoretical calculation statistically tends to be less than the asymmetry in the polar field (as inferred from the faculae data) in the preceding minimum. This reduction factor turns out to be 0.38 and 0.60 respectively in observational data and theoretical simulation.