A2163: Merger events in the hottest Abell galaxy cluster I. Dynamical analysis from optical data

TL;DR

This paper provides a comprehensive optical and spectroscopic analysis of galaxy cluster A2163, revealing complex merging processes, substructures, and dynamical properties that shed light on its recent merger history and mass distribution.

Contribution

It offers the first detailed dynamical analysis of A2163 using extensive optical data, identifying multiple merging substructures and constraining the cluster's recent merger scenario.

Findings

Detection of multiple substructures and bimodality in galaxy distribution.

Evidence of a recent merger along NE/SW or E--W axis.

A2163 is an exceptionally massive galaxy cluster.

Abstract

We present a detailed optical analysis of the galaxy cluster A2163 based on new multicolor wide field imaging and medium-to-high resolution (R~2000) spectroscopy. While X-ray observations have revealed that merging processes are present in this cluster, the merging scenario is complex and not well-defined. We undertook a complementary optical analysis, aiming to understand the dynamics of the system, to add constraints to the merging scenario and to test its effect on the properties of galaxies. We provide a spectroscopic catalog of 512 new objects, where 361 galaxies are identified as cluster members. We derived estimates of the mean redshift and velocity dispersion: z= 0.2005 +/- 0.0003 and 1434 +/- 60 km/s, and performed a detailed dynamical analysis of unprecedented accuracy. We detected multiple evidences of merging events: i) strong subclustering in the galaxy density distribution, showing a main central component A2163-A, a northern one A2163-B, visible both in optical and in X-ray, and other substructures detected in optical, ii) bimodality in the density distribution for A2163-A, strong segregation between gaz and galaxies, and between galaxies of different luminosities, iii) low-density structures oriented along specific axes: mainly the EW direction, and the NS one, embedding the main substructures, iv) bimodality in the velocity distribution and a velocity gradient (~1250 km/s) along the NE/SW axis of the cluster. A2163 is exceptionally massive, with Mvir = 3.8 +/- 0.4 10**15 Msol/h70. Our analysis supports a scenario in which A2163-A has undergone a recent (t ~ 0.5 Gyr) merger along a a NE/SW (or E--W) axis, and A2163-B is connected to the main complex, probably infalling on A2163-A. (abridged)