The Population of Dark Matter Subhaloes: Mass Functions and Average Mass Loss Rates

TL;DR

This study uses cosmological simulations to analyze dark matter subhalo mass functions and their evolution, revealing a universal unevolved mass function and a redshift-dependent mass loss rate that explains the current subhalo distribution.

Contribution

It introduces a model linking subhalo mass loss rates to host mass and redshift, providing a simple framework for understanding subhalo evolution and mass functions.

Findings

The unevolved subhalo mass function is universal when scaled by accretion and host mass.

More massive haloes host more subhaloes at redshift zero.

The average mass loss rate depends mainly on redshift.

Abstract

Using a cosmological N-Body simulation and a sample of re-simulated cluster-like haloes, we study the mass loss rates of dark matter subhaloes, and interpret the mass function of subhaloes at redshift zero in terms of the evolution of the mass function of systems accreted by the main halo progenitor. When expressed in terms of the ratio between the mass of the subhalo at the time of accretion and the present day host mass the unevolved subhalo mass function is found to be universal. However, the subhalo mass function at redshift zero clearly depends on $M_0$, in that more massive host haloes host more subhaloes. To relate the unevolved and evolved subhalo mass functions, we measure the subhalo mass loss rate as a function of host mass and redshift. We find that the average, specific mass loss rate of dark matter subhaloes depends mainly on redshift. These results suggest a pleasingly simple picture for the evolution and mass dependence of the evolved subhalo mass function. Less massive host haloes accrete their subhaloes earlier, which are thus subjected to mass loss for a longer time. In addition, their subhaloes are typically accreted by denser hosts, which causes an additional boost of the mass loss rate. To test the self-consistency of this picture, we use a merger trees constructed using the extended Press-Schechter formalism, and evolve the subhalo populations using the average mass loss rates obtained from our simulations, finding the subhalo mass functions to be in good agreement with the simulations. [abridged]