The lowest-mass stellar black holes: catastrophic death of neutron stars in gamma-ray bursts

TL;DR

This paper constrains the maximum neutron star mass based on observations and models of neutron star mergers, impacting the understanding of gamma-ray burst progenitors and the likelihood of black hole formation.

Contribution

It provides new constraints on the maximum neutron star mass and links these constraints to the models of gamma-ray burst central engines.

Findings

Maximum neutron star mass must be within 2 - 2.5 solar masses.

A neutron star mass above 2.5 solar masses would challenge black hole-torus models for short gamma-ray bursts.

Observations support alternative models involving highly magnetized massive neutron stars.

Abstract

Mergers of double neutron stars are considered the most likely progenitors for short gamma-ray bursts. Indeed such a merger can produce a black hole with a transient accreting torus of nuclear matter (Lee & Ramirez-Ruiz 2007, Oechslin & Janka 2006), and the conversion of a fraction of the torus mass-energy to radiation can power a gamma-ray burst (Nakar 2006). Using available binary pulsar observations supported by our extensive evolutionary calculations of double neutron star formation, we demonstrate that the fraction of mergers that can form a black hole -- torus system depends very sensitively on the (largely unknown) maximum neutron star mass. We show that the available observations and models put a very stringent constraint on this maximum mass under the assumption that a black hole formation is required to produce a short gamma-ray burst in a double neutron star merger. Specifically, we find that the maximum neutron star mass must be within 2 - 2.5 Msun. Moreover, a single unambiguous measurement of a neutron star mass above 2.5 Msun would exclude a black hole -- torus central engine model of short gamma-ray bursts in double neutron star mergers. Such an observation would also indicate that if in fact short gamma-ray bursts are connected to neutron star mergers, the gamma-ray burst engine is best explained by the lesser known model invoking a highly magnetized massive neutron star (e.g., Usov 1992; Kluzniak & Ruderman 1998; Dai et al. 2006; Metzger, Quataert & Thompson 2007).