Seismic Rayleigh waves on an exponentially graded, orthotropic half-space

TL;DR

This paper models dispersive Rayleigh seismic waves in an exponentially graded orthotropic half-space, revealing slower speeds, deeper penetration, and amplitude oscillations compared to homogeneous cases.

Contribution

It extends seismic wave modeling to exponentially graded orthotropic media, showing that Rayleigh waves remain similar to homogeneous cases but exhibit dispersion and unique amplitude behaviors.

Findings

Wave speed is slower in graded media.

Waves penetrate deeper than in homogeneous media.

Amplitude can oscillate and decay with depth.

Abstract

Efforts at modelling the propagation of seismic waves in half-spaces with continuously varying properties have been mostly focused on shear-horizontal waves. Here a sagittaly polarized (Rayleigh type) wave travels along a symmetry axis (and is attenuated along another) of an orthotropic material with stiffnesses and mass density varying in the same exponential manner with depth. Contrary to what could be expected at first sight, the analysis is very similar to that of the homogeneous half-space, with the main and capital difference that the Rayleigh wave is now dispersive. The results are illustrated numerically for (i) an orthotropic half-space typical of horizontally layered and vertically fractured shales and (ii) for an isotropic half-space made of silica. In both examples, the wave travels at a slower speed and penetrates deeper than in the homogeneous case; in the second example, the inhomogeneity can force the wave amplitude to oscillate as well as decay with depth, in marked contrast with the homogeneous isotropic general case.