In-medium chiral condensate beyond linear density approximation

TL;DR

This paper uses in-medium chiral perturbation theory to analyze how the quark condensate varies with density beyond linear approximation, revealing non-linear effects and implications for chiral symmetry restoration in nuclear matter.

Contribution

It systematically incorporates higher-order pion exchange effects and $ riangle(1232)$-isobar excitations to improve understanding of the in-medium chiral condensate behavior.

Findings

Non-linear density dependence of the condensate

Chiral restoration near 1.5 times nuclear density in the chiral limit

Stabilization of condensate at 60% of vacuum value for physical pion mass

Abstract

In-medium chiral perturbation theory is used to calculate the density dependence of the quark condensate $<\bar qq>$. The corrections beyond the linear density approximation are obtained by differentiating the interaction contributions to the energy per particle of isospin-symmetric nuclear matter with respect to the pion mass. Our calculation treats systematically the effects from one-pion exchange (with $m_\pi$-dependent vertex corrections), iterated $1\pi$-exchange, and irreducible $2\pi$-exchange including intermediate $\Delta(1232)$-isobar excitations, with Pauli-blocking corrections up to three-loop order. We find a strong and non-linear dependence of the ``dropping'' in-medium condensate on the actual value of the pion (or light quark) mass. In the chiral limit, $m_\pi=0$, chiral restoration appears to be reached already at about 1.5 times normal nuclear matter density. By contrast, for the physical pion mass, $m_\pi = 135 $MeV, the in-medium condensate stabilizes at about 60% of its vacuum value above that same density. Effects from $2\pi$-exchange with virtual $\Delta(1232)$-isobar excitations turn out to be crucial in generating such pronounced deviations from the linear density approximation above $\rho_0$. The hindered tendency towards chiral symmetry restoration provides a justification for using pions and nucleons as effective low-energy degrees of freedom at least up to twice nuclear matter density.