Coagulation, fragmentation and radial motion of solid particles in protoplanetary disks

TL;DR

This paper uses advanced numerical simulations to explore how solid particles grow in protoplanetary disks, highlighting the importance of initial dust ratios and turbulence, and improving coagulation algorithms for better modeling.

Contribution

It introduces improved algorithms for dust coagulation and demonstrates the critical role of initial dust-to-gas ratios and fragmentation thresholds in particle growth.

Findings

Higher initial dust-to-gas ratios enable faster growth of km-sized bodies.

Particles are mostly destroyed by fragmentation unless fragmentation velocities are unrealistically high.

Less than 5% of small dust grains remain after 1 million years due to radial drift.

Abstract

The growth of solid particles towards meter sizes in protoplanetary disks has to circumvent at least two hurdles, namely the rapid loss of material due to radial drift and particle fragmentation due to destructive collisions. In this paper, we present the results of numerical simulations with more and more realistic physics involved. Step by step, we include various effects, such as particle growth, radial/vertical particle motion and dust particle fragmentation in our simulations. We demonstrate that the initial dust-to-gas ratio is essential for the particles to overcome the radial drift barrier. If this value is increased by a factor of 2 compared with the canonical value for the interstellar medium, km-sized bodies can form in the inner disk <2 AU within 10 thousand years. However, we find that solid particles get destroyed through collisional fragmentation. Only with the unrealistically high-threshold velocities needed for fragmentation to occur (>30 m/s), particles are able to grow to larger sizes in low turbulent disks. We also find that less than 5% of the small dust grains remain in the disk after 1 Myrs due to radial drift, no matter whether fragmentation is included in the simulations or not. In this paper, we also present considerable improvements to existing algorithms for dust-particle coagulation, which speed up the coagulation scheme by a factor of 10 thousand.