A Comparison of the Variability of the Symbiotic X-ray Binaries GX 1+4, 4U 1954+31, and 4U 1700+24 from Swift/BAT and RXTE/ASM Observations

TL;DR

This study analyzes the X-ray variability of three symbiotic X-ray binaries using Swift/BAT and RXTE/ASM data, revealing a very slow pulsar in 4U 1954+31 and emphasizing the importance of accounting for low-frequency noise in variability analysis.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the variability and pulsation periods of these binaries, especially identifying 4U 1954+31 as hosting one of the slowest known X-ray pulsars.

Findings

4U 1954+31 shows modulation near 5 hours, likely due to a very slow X-ray pulsar.

No periodic modulation detected in GX 1+4 or 4U 1700+24 in the analyzed data.

Low-frequency noise can mimic periodic signals if not properly modeled.

Abstract

We present an analysis of the X-ray variability of three symbiotic X-ray binaries, GX 1+4, 4U 1700+24, and 4U 1954+31, using observations made with the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) and the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) All-Sky Monitor (ASM). Observations of 4U 1954+31 with the Swift BAT show modulation at a period near 5 hours. Models to explain this modulation are discussed including the presence of an exceptionally slow X-ray pulsar in the system and accretion instabilities. We conclude that the most likely interpretation is that 4U 1954+31 contains one of the slowest known X-ray pulsars. Unlike 4U 1954+31, neither GX 1+4 nor 4U 1700+24 show any evidence for modulation on a timescale of hours. An analysis of the RXTE ASM light curves of GX 1+4, 4U 1700+24, and 4U 1954+31 does not show the presence of periodic modulation in any source, although there is considerable variability on long timescales for all three sources. There is no modulation in GX 1+4 on either the optical 1161 day orbital period or a previously reported 304 day X-ray period. For 4U 1700+24 we do not confirm the 404 day X-ray period previously proposed for this source from a shorter duration ASM light curve. We conclude that all three sources have substantial low-frequency noise in their power spectra that may give the appearance of periodic modulation if this noise is not properly accounted for, particularly if short duration light curves are examined.