The square gradient model in a two-phase mixture II. Non-equilibrium properties of a 2D-isotropic interface

TL;DR

This paper extends the square gradient model to analyze non-equilibrium properties of multi-component 2D-isotropic interfaces, focusing on heat and mass transfer, and provides numerical profiles illustrating these phenomena.

Contribution

It introduces a systematic extension of the square gradient model to multi-component non-equilibrium systems, including numerical analysis of interfacial profiles.

Findings

Surface in local equilibrium described by Gibbs excess densities

Heat and mass transfer coefficients evaluated

Numerical profiles of concentration, mole fraction, and temperature provided

Abstract

In earlier work \cite{bedeaux/vdW/I, bedeaux/vdW/II, bedeaux/vdW/III} a systematic extension of the van der Waals square gradient model to non-equilibrium one-component systems was given. In this work the focus was on heat and mass transfer through the liquid-vapor interface as caused by a temperature difference or an over or under pressure. It was established that the surface as described using Gibbs excess densities was in local equilibrium. Heat and mass transfer coefficients were evaluated. In our first paper \cite{glav/gradient/eq/I} we discussed the equilibrium properties of a multi-component system following the same procedure. In particular, we derived an explicit expression for the pressure tensor and discussed the validity of the Gibbs relation in the interfacial region. In this paper we will give an extension of this approach to multi-component non-equilibrium systems in the systematic context of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The two-dimensional isotropy of the interface is discussed. Furthermore we give numerically obtained profiles of the concentration, the mole fraction and the temperature, which illustrate the solution for some special cases.