Modelling element distributions in the atmospheres of magnetic Ap stars

TL;DR

This paper investigates whether equilibrium stratifications driven by magnetic fields can explain the observed chemical inhomogeneities and abundance maps in Ap star atmospheres, considering various elements and magnetic field strengths.

Contribution

It explores the hypothesis that equilibrium stratifications account for observed abundance distributions in Ap stars, incorporating magnetic effects and comparing with observational data.

Findings

Equilibrium stratifications show significant vertical abundance variations.

Horizontal magnetic fields facilitate element accumulation in upper layers.

Some calculated stratifications align with observed abundance maps.

Abstract

In recent papers convincing evidence has been presented for chemical stratification in Ap star atmospheres, and surface abundance maps have been shown to correlate with the magnetic field direction. Radiatively driven diffusion in magnetic fields is among the processes responsible for these inhomogeneities. Here we explore the hypothesis that equilibrium stratifications can, in a number of cases, explain the observed abundance maps and vertical distributions of the various elements. The investigation of equilibrium stratifications in stellar atmospheres with temperatures from 8500K to 12000K and fields up to 10 kG reveals considerable variations in the vertical distribution of the 5 elements studied (Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe), often with zones of large over- or under-abundances and with indications of other competing processes (such as mass loss). Horizontal magnetic fields can be very efficient in helping the accumulation of elements in higher layers. A comparison between our calculations and the vertical abundance profiles and surface maps derived by magnetic Doppler imaging reveals that equilibrium stratifications are in a number of cases consistent with the main trends inferred from observed spectra. However, it is not clear whether such equilibrium solutions will ever be reached during the evolution of an Ap star.