Shear viscosity of a hadronic gas mixture

TL;DR

This paper calculates the shear viscosity and eta/s ratio of a hadronic gas with pions and nucleons, analyzing how these quantities vary with temperature and baryon chemical potential, and discusses implications for the liquid-gas transition.

Contribution

It provides a detailed calculation of shear viscosity and eta/s in a hadronic gas including baryon chemical potential effects, extending previous models with phenomenological amplitudes.

Findings

eta increases with T and mu, mainly due to nucleons

eta/s decreases with T and mu, staying above 0.1

eta/s remains above the conjectured bound of 1/4pi in the studied region

Abstract

We discuss in detail the shear viscosity coefficient eta and the viscosity to entropy density ratio eta/s of a hadronic gas comprised of pions and nucleons. In particular, we study the effects of baryon chemical potential on eta and eta/s. We solve the relativistic quantum Boltzmann equations with binary collisions (pi pi, pi N, and NN) for a state slightly deviated from thermal equilibrium at temperature T and baryon chemical potential mu. The use of phenomenological amplitudes in the collision terms, which are constructed to reproduce experimental data, greatly helps to extend the validity region in the T-mu plane. The total viscosity coefficient eta(T,mu)=eta^pi + eta^N increases as a function of T and mu, indirectly reflecting energy dependences of binary cross sections. The increase in mu direction is due to enhancement of the nucleon contribution eta^N while the pion contribution eta^pi diminishes with increasing mu. On the other hand, due to rapid growth of entropy density, the ratio eta/s becomes a decreasing function of T and mu in a wide region of the T-mu plane. In the kinematical region we investigated T < 180MeV, mu < 1GeV, the smallest value of eta/s is about 0.3. Thus, it never violates the conjectured lower bound eta/s= 1/4pi ~ 0.1. The smallness of eta/s in the hadronic phase and its continuity at T ~ T_c (at least for crossover at small mu) implies that the ratio will be small enough in the deconfined phase T > T_c. There is a nontrivial structure at low temperature and at around normal nuclear density. We examine its possible interpretation as the liquid-gas phase transition.