Bose-Einstein condensates of atoms with arbitrary spin

TL;DR

This paper explores the possible ground states of Bose-Einstein condensates with arbitrary spin, revealing new phases such as spin alignment, paired, and triplet condensates, and constructs their phase diagrams.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of the ground state phases of spinor Bose-Einstein condensates, including for higher spins beyond f=2, which was not previously detailed.

Findings

Ground state can be spin aligned, paired, or triplet condensates.

Constructed the complete phase diagram for f=2.

Identified generic properties of phase diagrams for f > 2.

Abstract

We show that the ground state of a Bose-Einstein condensate of atoms with hyperfine spin f = 2 can be either spin aligned, condensed into pairs of atoms coupled to F = 0, or condensed into triplets of atoms coupled to F = 0. The complete phase diagram is constructed for f = 2 and the generic properties of the phase diagram are obtained for f > 2.