Following red blood cells in a pulmonary capillary

TL;DR

This study introduces a numerical camera method to analyze red blood cell deformation in pulmonary capillaries and investigates how shape changes influence oxygen capture efficiency, incorporating complex hemoglobin chemistry modeling.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel numerical approach combining a hyper-elastic model and a camera method to study red blood cell deformation and oxygen transport in capillaries.

Findings

Red blood cell shapes vary significantly along the capillary.

Cell deformation impacts oxygen loading capacity.

The model accurately predicts cell behavior compared to standard methods.

Abstract

The red blood cells or erythrocytes are biconcave shaped cells and consist mostly in a membrane delimiting a cytosol with a high concentration in hemoglobin. This membrane is highly deformable and allows the cells to go through narrow passages like the capillaries which diameters can be much smaller than red blood cells one. They carry oxygen thanks to hemoglobin, a complex molecule that have very high affinity for oxygen. The capacity of erythrocytes to load and unload oxygen is thus a determinant factor in their efficacy. In this paper, we will focus on the pulmonary capillary where red blood cells capture oxygen. We propose a camera method in order to numerically study the behavior of the red blood cell along a whole capillary. Our goal is to understand how erythrocytes geometrical changes along the capillary can affect its capacity to capture oxygen. The first part of this document presents the model chosen for the red blood cells along with the numerical method used to determine and follow their shapes along the capillary. The membrane of the red blood cell is complex and has been modelled by an hyper-elastic approach coming from Mills et al (2004). This camera method is then validated and confronted with a standard ALE method. Some geometrical properties of the red blood cells observed in our simulations are then studied and discussed. The second part of this paper deals with the modeling of oxygen and hemoglobin chemistry in the geometries obtained in the first part. We have implemented a full complex hemoglobin behavior with allosteric states inspired from Czerlinski et al (1999).