Observe matter falling into a black hole
Shuang Nan Zhang, Yuan Liu

TL;DR
This paper provides an exact solution showing that matter falling into a black hole does not form a horizon or singularity, challenging the traditional 'frozen star' view and suggesting observable differences in black hole mergers.
Contribution
It introduces a new exact solution for a mass shell around a black hole, demonstrating the absence of a horizon or singularity and challenging the conventional 'frozen star' scenario.
Findings
No event horizon or singularity in the shell according to the solution.
In-falling matter can be observed in finite time with future instruments.
Differences in electromagnetic signals during mergers can distinguish real black holes from frozen stars.
Abstract
It has been well known that in the point of view of a distant observer, all in-falling matter to a black hole (BH) will be eventually stalled and "frozen" just outside the event horizon of the BH, although an in-falling observer will see the matter falling straight through the event horizon. Thus in this "frozen star" scenario, as distant observers, we could never observe matter falling into a BH, neither could we see any "real" BH other than primordial ones, since all other BHs are believed to be formed by matter falling towards singularity. Here we first obtain the exact solution for a pressureless mass shell around a pre-existing BH. The metrics inside and interior to the shell are all different from the Schwarzschild metric of the enclosed mass. The metric interior to the shell can be transformed to the Schwarzschild metric for a slower clock which is dependent of the location and…
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