Star cluster life-times: dependence on mass, radius and environment

TL;DR

This paper investigates how the lifetime of star clusters depends on their mass, size, and environment, highlighting the dominant role of giant molecular cloud encounters in cluster dissolution.

Contribution

It provides a revised understanding of cluster dissolution timescales, emphasizing the weak dependence on radius and the importance of environmental factors like GMCs.

Findings

Dissolution time scales with mass similarly across different environments.

GMC encounters are identified as the primary mechanism for cluster destruction.

Traditional relaxation time models do not accurately predict dissolution times.

Abstract

The dissolution time (t_dis) of clusters in a tidal field does not scale with the ``classical'' expression for the relaxation time. First, the scaling with N, and hence cluster mass, is shallower due to the finite escape time of stars. Secondly, the cluster half-mass radius is of little importance. This is due to a balance between the relative tidal field strength and internal relaxation, which have an opposite effect on t_dis, but of similar magnitude. When external perturbations, such as encounters with giant molecular clouds (GMC) are important, t_dis for an individual cluster depends strongly on radius. The mean dissolution time for a population of clusters, however, scales in the same way with mass as for the tidal field, due to the weak dependence of radius on mass. The environmental parameters that determine t_dis are the tidal field strength and the density of molecular gas. We compare the empirically derived t_dis of clusters in six galaxies to theoretical predictions and argue that encounters with GMCs are the dominant destruction mechanism. Finally, we discuss a number of pitfalls in the derivations of t_dis from observations, such as incompleteness, with the cluster system of the SMC as particular example.