Ongoing Assembly of Massive Galaxies by Major Merging in Large Groups and Clusters from the SDSS

TL;DR

This study shows that major mergers of massive galaxies in large groups and clusters are common and contribute significantly to galaxy growth, especially at the centers of these halos, supporting hierarchical galaxy formation.

Contribution

It provides the first systematic analysis of major mergers in massive groups and clusters using SDSS data, highlighting the role of environment in galaxy assembly.

Findings

16% of high-mass galaxy pairs show merger signatures.

90% of merging pairs have nearly equal-mass, red, centrally-concentrated progenitors.

Massive halos grow in stellar mass by 1-9% per Gyr due to mergers.

Abstract

We investigate the incidence of major mergers creating >10e11 Msun galaxies in present-day groups and clusters more massive than 2.5e13 Msun. We identify 38 pairs of massive galaxies with mutual tidal interaction signatures selected from >5000 galaxies with >5e10 Msun that reside in 845 such groups. We fit the images of each galaxy pair as the line-of-sight projection of symmetric models and identify mergers by the presence of residual asymmetries around each progenitor, such as off-center isophotes, broad tidal tails, and dynamical friction wakes. At the resolution and sensitivity of the SDSS, such mergers are found in 16% of high-mass, galaxy-galaxy pairs with magnitude differences of <1.5 and <30 kpc projected separations. We find that 90% of these mergers have nearly equal-mass progenitors with red-sequence colors and centrally-concentrated morphologies, the hallmarks of dissipationless merger simulations. Mergers at group centers are more common than between 2 satellites, but both are morphologically indistinguishable and we tentatively conclude that the latter are likely located at the dynamical centers of recently accreted subhalos. The frequency of central and satellite merging diminishes with group mass consistent with dynamical friction expectations. Based on reasonable assumptions, the centers of these massive halos are growing in stellar mass by 1-9% per Gyr, on average. Compared to all LRG-LRG mergers, we find a 2-9 times higher rate for their merging when restricted to these dense environments. Our results imply that the massive end of the galaxy population continues to evolve hierarchically at a measurable level, and that the centers of massive groups are the preferred environment for merger-driven galaxy assembly. (abridged)