Formaldehyde Densitometry of Starburst Galaxies

TL;DR

This study uses formaldehyde emission lines to measure the density of star-forming gas in starburst galaxies, revealing a potential link between gas density and infrared luminosity.

Contribution

It extends a galactic densitometry technique to external galaxies, providing new measurements of dense gas and its relation to starburst activity.

Findings

Derived spatial densities in five galaxies with detected H2CO transitions.

Estimated dense gas masses consistent with other tracers.

Observed a trend between higher infrared luminosity and increased gas density.

Abstract

With a goal toward deriving the physical conditions in external galaxies, we present a survey of the formaldehyde emission in a sample of starburst systems. By extending a technique used to derive the spatial density in star formation regions in our own Galaxy, we show how the relative intensity of the 1(10)-1(11) and 2(11)-2(12) K-doublet transitions of H2CO can provide an accurate densitometer for the active star formation environments found in starburst galaxies. Relying upon an assumed kinetic temperature and co-spatial emission and absorption from both H2CO transitions, our technique is applied to a sample of nineteen IR-bright galaxies which exhibit various forms of starburst activity. In the five galaxies of our sample where both H2CO transitions were detected we have derived spatial densities. We also use H2CO to estimate the dense gas mass in our starburst galaxy sample, finding similar mass estimates for the dense gas forming stars in these objects as derived using other dense gas tracers. A related trend can be seen when one compares L_IR to our derived n(H2) for the five galaxies within which we have derived spatial densities. Even though our number statistics are small, there appears to be a trend toward higher spatial density for galaxies with higher infrared luminosity. This is likely another representation of the L_IR-M_dense correlation.