A deep, high resolution survey of the low frequency radio sky

TL;DR

This paper presents the first wide-field, high-resolution VLBI survey at 90 cm, revealing that a significant fraction of faint radio sources contain compact components, and demonstrating the potential of low-frequency telescopes like LOFAR.

Contribution

It is the first systematic, deep, high-resolution low-frequency radio survey covering a wide field of view with VLBI, surpassing previous surveys in scale and depth.

Findings

At least 10% of ~100 mJy sources have compact components smaller than 0.3 arcsec.

Detected a transient or highly variable source not seen in previous surveys.

The survey indicates many low-frequency sources contain compact structures, supporting future low-frequency telescope arrays.

Abstract

We report on the first wide-field, very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) survey at 90 cm. The survey area consists of two overlapping 28 deg^2 fields centred on the quasar J0226+3421 and the gravitational lens B0218+357. A total of 618 sources were targeted in these fields, based on identifications from Westerbork Northern Sky Survey (WENSS) data. Of these sources, 272 had flux densities that, if unresolved, would fall above the sensitivity limit of the VLBI observations. A total of 27 sources were detected as far as 2 arcdegrees from the phase centre. The results of the survey suggest that at least 10% of moderately faint (S~100 mJy) sources found at 90 cm contain compact components smaller than ~0.1 to 0.3 arcsec and stronger than 10% of their total flux densities. A ~90 mJy source was detected in the VLBI data that was not seen in the WENSS and NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) data and may be a transient or highly variable source that has been serendipitously detected. This survey is the first systematic (and non-biased), deep, high-resolution survey of the low-frequency radio sky. It is also the widest field of view VLBI survey with a single pointing to date, exceeding the total survey area of previous higher frequency surveys by two orders of magnitude. These initial results suggest that new low frequency telescopes, such as LOFAR, should detect many compact radio sources and that plans to extend these arrays to baselines of several thousand kilometres are warranted.