Ejecta and progenitor of the low-luminosity Type IIP supernova 2003Z

TL;DR

This study models supernova 2003Z to determine its progenitor's properties, estimating a progenitor mass of 14.4-17.4 solar masses and suggesting it was likely a yellow supergiant, providing insights into low-luminosity Type IIP supernovae origins.

Contribution

The paper presents hydrodynamic models and circumstellar interaction analysis to estimate the progenitor mass and characteristics of supernova 2003Z, clarifying its origin among low-luminosity Type IIP supernovae.

Findings

Estimated ejecta mass of 14 Msun

Progenitor likely a yellow supergiant

Proposed observational test to distinguish progenitor mass scenarios

Abstract

The origin of low-luminosity Type IIP supernovae is unclear: they have been proposed to originate either from massive (about 25 Msun) or low-mass (about 9 Msun) stars. We wish to determine parameters of the low-luminosity Type IIP supernova 2003Z, to estimate a mass-loss rate of the presupernova, and to recover a progenitor mass. We compute the hydrodynamic models of the supernova to describe the light curves and the observed expansion velocities. The wind density of the presupernova is estimated using a thin shell model for the interaction with circumstellar matter. We estimate an ejecta mass of 14 Msun, an explosion energy of 2.45x10^50 erg, a presupernova radius of 229 Rsun, and a radioactive Ni-56 amount of 0.0063 Msun. The upper limit of the wind density parameter in the presupernova vicinity is 10^13 g/cm, and the mass lost at the red/yellow supergiant stage is less than 0.6 Msun assuming the constant mass-loss rate. The estimated progenitor mass is in the range of 14.4-17.4 Msun. The presupernova of SN 2003Z was probably a yellow supergiant at the time of the explosion. The progenitor mass of SN 2003Z is lower than those of SN 1987A and SN 1999em, normal Type IIP supernovae, but higher than the lower limit of stars undergoing a core collapse. We propose an observational test based on the circumstellar interaction to discriminate between the massive (about 25 Msun) and moderate-mass (about 16 Msun) scenarios.