The chemical composition of planetary nebulae and HII regions in NGC 3109

TL;DR

This study analyzes the chemical composition of planetary nebulae and HII regions in NGC 3109, revealing uniform ISM metallicity, higher oxygen in PNe due to stellar processes, and implications for galaxy evolution and distance measurements.

Contribution

It provides detailed spectroscopic analysis of nebulae in NGC 3109, highlighting differences in chemical enrichment and excitation patterns compared to other galaxies.

Findings

ISM in NGC 3109 is chemically uniform.

PNe show higher oxygen abundances than HII regions.

PNe excitation patterns differ from those in other galaxies.

Abstract

We present deep spectrophotometry for a sample of 8 PNe and 12 HII regions in the irregular galaxy NGC 3109, to analyze the chemical composition of both types of nebulae. We present line intensities and the physical conditions and the abundances of He, O, Ne, N, S and Ar are derived, using the classical T_e-based method. We confirm our previous identification of PNe and HII regions based on photometry, except for one object that we argue is a compact HII region rather than a PN. We find that the chemical composition of the ISM in NGC 3109, as sampled by its HII regions, is remarkably uniform. The oxygen abundance is log O/H + 12 = 7.77 \pm 0.07 in this galaxy, as compared to 8.05 \pm 0.09 for the SMC. PNe show significantly higher oxygen abundances in NGC 3109: log O/H + 12 = 8.16 \pm 0.19. We argue that, similarly to what has been suggested for some of the PNe in the Magellanic Clouds and other metal-poor galaxies, oxygen in the PNe in NGC 3109 is affected by dredge up in their progenitors. This could be also the case for neon. From our analysis, we conclude that these two elements are not always a safe indicator of the chemical composition of the ISM at low metallicities. An alternative to the O and Ne enrichment in PNe is that the low metallicity in HII regions has been caused by dilution of the ISM due interaction with a neighbor galaxy about a Gyr ago. The excitation patterns of the PNe in NGC 3109 are very different from the excitation patterns of PNe in other galaxies. This would imply that the evolution of PNe depends upon the properties of their progenitor stellar populations, which vary from galaxy to galaxy. This should affect the PN luminosity function and its use as a distance indicator.