The First Empirical Mass Loss Law for Population II Giants

TL;DR

This study presents the first empirical mass loss law for Population II giants, based on mid-infrared observations of globular cluster stars, revealing episodic mass loss that depends on luminosity.

Contribution

It introduces the first observationally calibrated mass loss formula for Population II giants, showing a shallower luminosity dependence than previous models.

Findings

Mass loss occurs episodically in a fraction of stars.

Mass loss rates increase with luminosity but less steeply than Reimers Law.

Mass loss extends down to the horizontal branch level.

Abstract

Using the Spitzer IRAC camera we have obtained mid-IR photometry of the red giant branch stars in the Galactic globular cluster 47 Tuc. About 100 stars show an excess of mid-infrared light above that expected from their photospheric emission. This is plausibly due to dust formation in mass flowing from these stars. This mass loss extends down to the level of the horizontal branch and increases with luminosity. The mass loss is episodic, occurring in only a fraction of stars at a given luminosity. Using a simple model and our observations we derive mass loss rates for these stars. Finally, we obtain the first empirical mass loss formula calibrated with observations of Population II stars. The dependence on luminosity of our mass loss rate is considerably shallower than the widely used Reimers Law. The results presented here are the first from our Spitzer survey of a carefully chosen sample of 17 Galactic Globular Clusters, spanning the entire metallicity range from about one hundredth up to almost solar.