A generalized Principle of Relativity

TL;DR

This paper introduces a generalized Principle of Relativity that unifies the motion of all particles in spacetime by defining a measurable world-velocity, extending Einstein's theory to include a natural 'time-velocity' alongside traditional velocities.

Contribution

It proposes a new formulation of relativity that incorporates a measurable time-velocity, unifying all particle motions under a single framework based on Einstein's theory.

Findings

Defined a natural 'time-velocity' for particles in any reference frame.

Showed that the combined spacetime velocity equals the speed of light c.

Extended the traditional role of Maxwell's constant c in relativity.

Abstract

In this paper we bring to light an hitherto undisclosed richness of this Theory, namely its admitting a consistent reformulation which is able to provide a unified scenario for all kinds of particles, be they lightlike or not. This result hinges on a "generalized" Principle of Relativity which is {intrinsic} to Einstein's Theory. The road leading to this generalization starts, in the very spirit of Relativity, from enhancing full equivalence between the four spacetime directions by requiring full equivalence between the "motions" along these four spacetime directions as well. So far, no measurable spatial velocity in the direction of the time axis has ever been defined, on the same footing of the usual velocities in the local three-space of a given observer. In this paper, we show how Relativity allows such a "time-velocity" to be defined in a very natural way, for any particle and in any reference frame. As a consequence of this natural definition, it also follows that the time- and space-velocity vectors sum up to define a spacelike "world-velocity" vector, the modulus of which turns out to be equal to the Maxwell's constant c, irrespective of the observer who measures it. This {measurable} world-velocity therefore represents the speed at which "all" kinds of particles move in spacetime, according to any observer. As remarked above, the unifying scenario thus emerging is intrinsic to Einstein's Theory; it extends the role traditionally assigned to Maxwell's constant c, and can therefore justly be referred to as "a generalized Principle of Relativity".