Evaporation and condensation of spherical interstellar clouds. Self-consistent models with saturated heat conduction and cooling

TL;DR

This paper investigates the evolution of interstellar clouds in hot gas, showing that saturated heat conduction can lead to cloud condensation instead of evaporation, especially when heating and cooling effects are included.

Contribution

The study provides self-consistent 2D hydrodynamical models incorporating saturated heat flux, heating, and cooling, revealing conditions under which clouds condense rather than evaporate.

Findings

Saturated heat flux reduces evaporation rates by an order of magnitude.

Heating and cooling effects can stabilize clouds and promote condensation.

Classical heat conduction models align with analytical solutions under simplified conditions.

Abstract

Shortened version: The fate of IS clouds embedded in a hot tenuous medium depends on whether the clouds suffer from evaporation or whether material condensates onto them. Analytical solutions for the rate of evaporative mass loss from an isolated spherical cloud embedded in a hot tenuous gas are deduced by Cowie & McKee (1977). In order to test the validity of the analytical results for more realistic IS conditions the full hydrodynamical equations must be treated. Therefore, 2D numerical simulations of the evolution of IS clouds %are performed with different internal density structures and surrounded by a hot plasma reservoir. Self-gravity, interstellar heating and cooling effects and heat conduction by electrons are added. Classical thermal conductivity of a fully ionized hydrogen plasma and saturated heat flux are considered. Using pure hydrodynamics and classical heat flux we can reproduce the analytical results. Heat flux saturation reduces the evaporation rate by one order of magnitude below the analytical value. The evolution changes totally for more realistic conditions when interstellar heating and cooling effects stabilize the self-gravity. Evaporation then turns into condensation, because the additional energy by heat conduction can be transported away from the interface and radiated off efficiently from the cloud's inner parts. I.e. that the saturated heat flux consideration is inevitable for IS clouds embedded in hot tenuous gas. Various consequences are discussed in the paper.