Bubbling the False Vacuum Away

TL;DR

This paper studies how bubble-like inhomogeneities, especially oscillons, significantly accelerate false vacuum decay in scalar field theories, shifting from exponential to power-law suppression.

Contribution

It demonstrates that large-amplitude bubble-like inhomogeneities promote resonant nucleation, a faster decay mechanism, and maps out the phase diagram of decay processes.

Findings

Large-amplitude inhomogeneities accelerate decay.

Resonant nucleation leads to power-law decay suppression.

Phase diagram distinguishes decay mechanisms.

Abstract

We investigate the role of nonperturbative, bubble-like inhomogeneities on the decay rate of false-vacuum states in two and three-dimensional scalar field theories. The inhomogeneities are induced by setting up large-amplitude oscillations of the field about the false vacuum as, for example, after a rapid quench or in certain models of cosmological inflation. We show that, for a wide range of parameters, the presence of large-amplitude bubble-like inhomogeneities greatly accelerates the decay rate, changing it from the well-known exponential suppression of homogeneous nucleation to a power-law suppression. It is argued that this fast, power-law vacuum decay -- known as resonant nucleation -- is promoted by the presence of long-lived oscillons among the nonperturbative fluctuations about the false vacuum. A phase diagram is obtained distinguishing three possible mechanisms for vacuum decay: homogeneous nucleation, resonant nucleation, and cross-over. Possible applications are briefly discussed.