The nature of the dense core population in the Pipe Nebula: A survey of NH3, CCS, and HC5N molecular line emission

TL;DR

This study surveys molecular line emissions in dense cores of the Pipe Nebula to understand their physical properties and early star formation stages, revealing their quiescent nature and potential youthfulness.

Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive molecular line emission survey of Pipe Nebula cores, highlighting their low activity and early evolutionary state compared to other star-forming regions.

Findings

63% detection rate in NH3 (1,1)

Cores are dense (~10^4 cm^-3) with low temperatures (9.5-17 K)

Cores show weaker NH3 emission and lack embedded infrared sources

Abstract

Recent extinction studies of the Pipe Nebula (d=130 pc) reveal many cores spanning a range in mass from 0.2 to 20.4 Msun. These dense cores were identified via their high extinction and comprise a starless population in a very early stage of development. Here we present a survey of NH3 (1,1), NH3 (2,2), CCS (2_1,1_0), and HC5N (9,8) emission toward 46 of these cores. An atlas of the 2MASS extinction maps is also presented. In total, we detect 63% of the cores in NH3 (1,1) 22% in NH3 (2,2), 28% in CCS, and 9% in HC5N emission. We find the cores are associated with dense gas (~10^4 cm-3) with 9.5 < T_k < 17 K. Compared to C18O, we find the NH3 linewidths are systematically narrower, implying that the NH3 is tracing the dense component of the gas and that these cores are relatively quiescent. We find no correlation between core linewidth and size. The derived properties of the Pipe cores are similar to cores within other low-mass star-forming regions: the only differences are that the Pipe cores have weaker NH3 emision and most show no current star formation as evidenced by the lack of embedded infrared sources. Such weak NH3 emission could arise due to low column densities and abundances or reduced excitation due to relatively low core volume densities. Either alternative implies that the cores are relatively young. Thus, the Pipe cores represent an excellent sample of dense cores in which to study the initial conditions for star formation and the earliest stages of core formation and evolution.