The Toomre Sequence Revisited with HST/NICMOS: Nuclear Brightness Profiles and Colors of Interacting and Merging Galaxies

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution near-infrared imaging from HST/NICMOS to analyze the nuclear brightness profiles and colors of merging galaxies in the Toomre sequence, revealing trends in luminosity and dust dispersal related to merger stages.

Contribution

It provides new high-resolution near-infrared data on merging galaxy nuclei, showing how their brightness and color profiles evolve with merger progression, and compares these to early-type galaxies.

Findings

Nuclei become more luminous with merger stage after dust correction.

Nuclei tend to become bluer as mergers progress, indicating dust dispersal.

Most nuclei have steep, power-law brightness profiles, steeper than typical E/S0 galaxies.

Abstract

We discuss the near-infrared properties of the nuclei in the 11 merging galaxies of the Toomre sequence, based on high spatial resolution J, H, and K imaging data using NICMOS onboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The observations are less affected by dust extinction than our previous HST/WFPC2 observations and offer higher spatial resolution than existing ground-based near-IR data. We see a marginal trend for the nuclei to become bluer with advancing merger stage, which we attribute to a dispersal of dust at late times in the merging process. Our data also indicate a statistically significant trend for the nuclei in the sequence to become more luminous, within an aperture of fixed physical size and after correcting for dust extinction, with advancing merger stage. We derive K-band surface brightness profiles for those nuclei for which the morphology allows a meaningful isophotal analysis, and fit the profiles with a ``Nuker law'' for comparison with other samples of galaxies observed with HST. The majority of the nuclei have steep profiles that can be characterized as power-law type. In general, the Toomre sequence galaxies tend to have steeper profiles and higher central luminosity surface densities than E/S0's. We derive V-K color profiles for the nuclei to further address this possibility, but find that the large amounts of dust extinction complicate their interpretation. Overall, our results are consistent with the generic predictions of N-body simulations of spiral galaxy mergers. If left to evolve and fade for several Gyrs, it is possible that the properties of the Toomre sequence nuclei would resemble theproperties of the nuclei of normal E/S0 galaxies. Our results therefore support the view that mergers of spiral galaxies can lead to the formation of early-type galaxies (Abridged).