Left-symmetric Bialgebras and An Analogue of the Classical Yang-Baxter Equation

TL;DR

This paper introduces left-symmetric bialgebras, explores their relation to symplectic Lie algebras and phase spaces, and develops an analogue of the classical Yang-Baxter equation called the $S$-equation, providing new methods to construct parak"ahler Lie algebras.

Contribution

It defines left-symmetric bialgebras, introduces the $S$-equation as an analogue of the classical Yang-Baxter equation, and links these structures to parak"ahler Lie algebras and ${ m O}$-operators.

Findings

Left-symmetric bialgebras are equivalent to symplectic Lie algebras with Lagrangian decompositions.

Solutions to the $S$-equation yield parak"ahler Lie algebras.

A method to construct symmetric solutions of the $S$-equation from ${ m O}$-operators is provided.

Abstract

We introduce a notion of left-symmetric bialgebra which is an analogue of the notion of Lie bialgebra. We prove that a left-symmetric bialgebra is equivalent to a symplectic Lie algebra with a decomposition into a direct sum of the underlying vector spaces of two Lagrangian subalgebras. The latter is called a parak\"ahler Lie algebra or a phase space of a Lie algebra in mathematical physics. We introduce and study coboundary left-symmetric bialgebras and our study leads to what we call "$S$-equation", which is an analogue of the classical Yang-Baxter equation. In a certain sense, the $S$-equation associated to a left-symmetric algebra reveals the left-symmetry of the products. We show that a symmetric solution of the $S$-equation gives a parak\"ahler Lie algebra. We also show that such a solution corresponds to the symmetric part of a certain operator called "${\cal O}$-operator", whereas a skew-symmetric solution of the classical Yang-Baxter equation corresponds to the skew-symmetric part of an ${\cal O}$-operator. Thus a method to construct symmetric solutions of the $S$-equation (hence parak\"ahler Lie algebras) from ${\cal O}$-operators is provided. Moreover, by comparing left-symmetric bialgebras and Lie bialgebras, we observe that there is a clear analogue between them and, in particular, parak\"ahler Lie groups correspond to Poisson-Lie groups in this sense.