First polarimetric observations and modeling of the FeH F^4 Delta-X^4 Delta system

TL;DR

This study presents the first polarimetric observations of the FeH F^4 Delta-X^4 Delta system in sunspots, demonstrating its potential as a sensitive magnetic diagnostic tool for cool stellar atmospheres.

Contribution

It provides the first spectropolarimetric measurements of the FeH system and compares them with theoretical models to improve understanding of magnetic fields in sunspots.

Findings

The current theory reproduces most observed magnetic properties.

Some lines show larger Zeeman splitting than predicted.

Empirical molecular constants were derived from observations.

Abstract

Lines of diatomic molecules are more temperature and pressure sensitive than atomic lines, which makes them ideal tools for studying cool stellar atmospheres an internal structure of sunspots and starspots. The FeH F^4 Delta-X^4 Delta system represents such an example that exhibits in addition a large magnetic field sensitivity. The current theoretical descriptions of these transitions including the molecular constants involved are only based on intensity measurements because polarimetric observations have not been available so far, which limits their diagnostic value. We present for the first time spectropolarimetric observations of the FeH F^4 Delta-X^4 Delta system measured in sunspots to investigate their diagnostic capabilities for probing solar and stellar magnetic fields. We investigate whether the current theoretical model of FeH can reproduce the observed Stokes profiles including their magnetic properties. The polarimetric observations are compared with synthetic Stokes profiles modeled with radiative transfer calculations. This allows us to infer the temperature and the magnetic field strength of the observed sunspots. We find that the current theory successfully reproduces the magnetic properties of a large number of lines in the FeH F^4 Delta-X^4 Delta system. In a few cases the observations indicate a larger Zeeman splitting than predicted by the theory. There, our observations have provided additional constraints, which allowed us to determine empirical molecular constants. The FeH F^4 Delta-X^4 Delta system is found to be a very sensitive magnetic diagnostic tool. Polarimetric data of these lines provide us with more direct information to study the coolest parts of astrophysical objects.