Environmental dependence in the ellipsoidal collapse model

TL;DR

This paper investigates whether the ellipsoidal collapse model can replicate the environmental dependence of halo properties observed in simulations, focusing on the influence of large-scale density and tidal forces on halo formation and clustering.

Contribution

The study derives analytic expressions linking halo formation and environment, demonstrating the model's ability to reproduce some simulation results and highlighting its limitations in overdense regions.

Findings

Overdense regions lead to earlier halo virialization due to tidal forces.

A shape-dependent density threshold explains environmental effects on halo formation.

Early-forming haloes are more clustered than recent ones.

Abstract

N-body simulations have demonstrated a correlation between the properties of haloes and their environment. In this paper, we assess whether the ellipsoidal collapse model can produce a similar dependence. First, we explore the statistical correlation that originates from Gaussian initial conditions. We derive analytic expressions for a number of joint statistics of the shear tensor and estimate the sensitivity of the local characteristics of the shear to the global geometry of the large scale environment. Next, we concentrate on the dynamical aspect of the environmental dependence using a simplified model that takes into account the interaction between a collapsing halo and its environment. We find that the tidal force exerted by the surrounding mass distribution causes haloes embedded in overdense regions to virialize earlier. An effective density threshold whose shape depends on the large scale density provides a good description of this environmental effect. We show that, using this approach, a correlation between formation redshift, large scale bias and environment density naturally arises. The strength of the effect is comparable, albeit smaller, to that seen in simulations. It is largest for low mass haloes and decreases as one goes to higher mass objects. Furthermore, haloes that formed early are substantially more clustered than those that assembled recently. On the other hand, our analytic model predicts a decrease in median formation redshift with increasing environment density, in disagreement with the trend detected in overdense regions. However, our results appear consistent with the behaviour inferred in relatively underdense regions. We argue that the ellipsoidal collapse model may apply in low density environments where nonlinear effects are negligible (abridged).