Phenomenology for Supernova Ia Data Based on a New Cosmic Time

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new phenomenological model for the universe's expansion based on an algebraic expression for cosmic time, proposing a replacement for dark matter called 'dark mass' and successfully predicting supernova Ia observations without dark energy.

Contribution

It presents a novel algebraic expression for cosmic time and a new 'dark mass' concept that explains galaxy rotation curves and supernova data without dark energy.

Findings

Predicts cosmological constants consistent with WMAP data

Explains galaxy rotation curves without dark matter

Accurately models supernova Ia luminosity distances

Abstract

A new phenomenological theory for the expansion of our universe is presented. Because fundamental supporting theory is still in development, its discussion is not presented in this paper. The theory is based on a new algebraic expression for cosmic time G Rho t^2=3/32Pi, which correctly predicts the WMAP measured cosmological constants and the fundamental Hubble parameter H(t) for the expansion of the universe. A replacement for dark matter, called here "dark mass", is proposed which scales as with the expansion and incorporated. It does not react with ordinary matter, except gravitationally, and produces flat rotational curves for spiral galaxies. Also a new expression for the approaching velocity of radiation in a closed 3-sphere expanding universe is given that accounts for the early degrading negative approach of radiation for z > 1.7. The expression is v = Hr-c. Combining these three elements produces a luminosity distance dL that successfully predicts the apparent magnitude of exploding supernova Ia stars and even the new gamma ray bursts with no need for dark energy or acceleration of the expansion of the universe.