Very deep X-ray observations of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 4U 0142+614

TL;DR

This study presents the most accurate X-ray spectrum of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar 4U 0142+614, analyzing its long-term stability, spectral features, and phase-dependent variability using XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL data.

Contribution

The paper provides the deepest upper limits on spectral lines and models the broad energy spectrum with three different models, enhancing understanding of this pulsar's emission.

Findings

Flux remained steady between 2002 and 2004.

No significant spectral variability over four epochs.

Detected energy-dependent pulse profile and spectral variability.

Abstract

We report on two new XMM-Newton observations of the Anomalous X-ray Pulsar (AXP) 4U 0142+614 performed in March and July 2004, collecting the most accurate spectrum for this source to date. Furthermore, we analyse two short archival observations performed in February 2002 and January 2003 (the latter already reported by Gohler et al. 2005) in order to study the long term behaviour of this AXP. 4U 0142+614 appears to be relatively steady in flux between 2002 and 2004, and the phase-averaged spectrum does not show any significant variability between the four epochs. We derive the deepest upper limits to date on the presence of lines in the 4U 0142+614 spectrum as a function of energy: equivalent width in the 1-3 keV energy range < 4 eV and < 8 eV for narrow and broad lines, respectively. A remarkable energy dependence in both the pulse profile and the pulsed fraction is detected, and consequently pulse-phase spectroscopy shows spectral variability as a function of phase. By making use of XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL data, we successfully model the 1-250 keV spectrum of 4U 0142+614 with three models presented in Rea et al. (2007a), namely the canonical absorbed blackbody plus two power-laws, a resonant cyclotron scattering model plus one power-law and two log-parabolic functions.