Multiwavelength Monitoring of the Unusual Ultraluminous Supernova SN 1978K in NGC 1313 and the Search for an Associated Gamma-Ray Burst

TL;DR

This study presents long-term radio and X-ray observations of supernova SN 1978K, revealing complex interactions with its environment, possible progenitor mass-loss changes, and a potential but uncertain gamma-ray burst association.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed multiwavelength monitoring of SN 1978K over 25 years, highlighting inhomogeneities and unusual helium-rich X-ray emitting regions.

Findings

Radio emission shows inhomogeneities and possible marginal resolution.

A significant change in progenitor mass-loss rate occurred before explosion.

X-ray data suggest helium-rich shock regions, indicating ejected helium-rich material.

Abstract

We discuss our radio (Australia Telescope Compact Array and Australian Long Baseline Array) and X-ray (XMM-Newton) monitoring observations of the unusual ultraluminous supernova SN 1978K in NGC 1313 at ~25 years after the explosion. SN 1978K is a rare example of a Type IIn supernova that has remained bright enough to have long-term X-ray and radio observations. The observations probe the dense medium that was ejected by the progenitor star prior to its explosion; the star might have been a Luminous Blue Variable. The radio imaging shows that the source remains compact, but it may be marginally resolved. The radio monitoring shows deviations from a smooth decay suggesting that inhomogeneities are present in the radio emitting region. It appears that a major change occurred in the mass-loss rate of the progenitor star shortly before the supernova event. The X-ray emission between 2000 and 2006 is consistent with the radiation coming from two shocks. All the X-ray data can be fit using the same model (with no systematic evolution or short-term variability) but this has a surprising requirement: the X-ray emitting regions have a very large abundance of helium. This would be consistent with the X-ray emitting shocks being located in a helium-rich layer that was ejected by the progenitor star, or helium-rich material was ejected in the supernova explosion. The unusual properties of the supernova motivated a search for an associated gamma-ray burst (GRB). We show that SN 1978K was inside the ~4 sigma error box of GRB 771029. If this association is correct, the GRB was exceptionally underluminous. However, the quality of the gamma-ray burst locations at that time was poor, and this is likely just a chance alignment.