Temporal evolution of the Evershed flow in sunspots. I. Observational characterization of Evershed clouds

TL;DR

This study provides a detailed observational analysis of Evershed clouds (ECs), revealing their properties, dynamics, and classification, which enhances understanding of the evolution of the Evershed flow in sunspots.

Contribution

It offers the first comprehensive characterization of ECs, including their sizes, motions, polarization signals, and classification into two types based on their behavior in the penumbra and moat.

Findings

ECs appear in the mid penumbra and propagate outward.

Type I ECs vanish in the outer penumbra; Type II cross into the moat.

ECs exhibit the largest Doppler velocities and polarization ratios.

Abstract

[Abridged] The magnetic and kinematic properties of the photospheric Evershed flow are relatively well known, but we are still far from a complete understanding of its nature. The evolution of the flow with time, which is mainly due to appearance of velocity packets called Evershed clouds (ECs), may provide information to further constrain its origin. Here we undertake a detailed analysis of the evolution of the Evershed flow by studying the properties of ECs. In this first paper we determine the sizes, proper motions, location in the penumbra, and frequency of appearance of ECs, as well as their typical Doppler velocities, linear and circular polarization signals, Stokes V area asymmetries, and continuum intensities. High-cadence, high-resolution, full vector spectropolarimetric measurements in visible and infrared lines are used to derive these parameters. We find that ECs appear in the mid penumbra and propage outward along filaments with large linear polarization signals and enhanced Evershed flows. The frequency of appearance of ECs varies between 15 and 40 minutes in different filaments. ECs exhibit the largest Doppler velocities and linear-to-circular polarization ratios of the whole penumbra. In addition, lines formed deeper in the atmosphere show larger Doppler velocities, much in the same way as the ''quiescent'' Evershed flow. According to our observations, ECs can be classified in two groups: type I ECs, which vanish in the outer penumbra, and type II ECs, which cross the outer penumbral boundary and enter the sunspot moat. Most of the observed ECs belong to type I. On average, type II ECs can be detected as velocity structures outside of the spot for only about 14 min. Their proper motions in the moat are significantly reduced with respect to the ones they had in the penumbra.