Linear and nonlinear low frequency electrodynamics of the surface superconducting states in an yttrium hexaboride a single crystal

TL;DR

This study investigates the low-frequency electrodynamics of surface superconducting states in yttrium hexaboride, revealing complex nonlinear behavior, frequency-dependent losses, and limitations of existing models, suggesting a slow relaxing nonequilibrium order parameter as an explanation.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the nonlinear and frequency-dependent electrodynamics of surface superconducting states in yttrium hexaboride, challenging traditional models and proposing a nonequilibrium order parameter framework.

Findings

Surface superconductivity persists beyond Hc2 with increased losses.

Loss peaks depend on ac field amplitude and frequency.

Nonlinear effects cannot be explained by perturbation theory.

Abstract

We report the low-frequency and tunneling studies of yttrium hexaboride single crystal. Ac susceptibility at frequencies 10 - 1500 Hz has been measured in parallel to the crystal surface DC felds, H0. We found that in the DC feld H0 > Hc2 DC magnetic moment completely disappears while the ac response exhibited the presence of superconductivity at the surface. Increasing of the DC field from Hc2 revealed the enlarging of losses with a maximum in the feld between Hc2 and Hc3. Losses at the maximum were considerably larger than in the mixed and in the normal states. The value of the DC field, where loss peak was observed, depends on the amplitude and frequency of the ac feld. Close to Tc this peak shifts below Hc2 which showed the coexistence of surface superconducting states and Abrikosov vortices. We observed a logarithmic frequency dependence of the in-phase component of the susceptibility. Such frequency dispersion of the inphase component resembles the response of spin-glass systems, but the out-of-phase component also exhibited frequency dispersion that is not a known feature of the classic spin-glass response. Analysis of the experimental data with Kramers-Kronig relations showed the possible existence of the loss peak at very low frequencies (< 5 Hz). We found that the amplitude of the third harmonic was not a cubic function of the ac amplitude even at considerably weak ac felds. This does not leave any room for treating the nonlinear effects on the basis of perturbation theory. We show that the conception of surface vortices or surface critical currents could not adequately describe the existing experimental data. Consideration of a model of slow relaxing nonequilibrium order parameter permits one to explain the partial shielding and losses of weak ac field for H0 > Hc2.