Embedded Star Formation in the Eagle Nebula with Spitzer/GLIMPSE

TL;DR

This study uses Spitzer and near-infrared data to identify and analyze young stellar objects in the Eagle Nebula, revealing over 400 candidates and insights into the star formation process and distribution.

Contribution

It combines multiwavelength photometry with dust models to improve YSO detection and characterizes star formation in M16, including a new massive YSO and the spatial distribution of protostars.

Findings

Over 400 protostellar candidates identified

No strong evidence of triggered star formation in pillars

Distribution supports distributed low-level star formation

Abstract

We present new Spitzer photometry of the Eagle Nebula (M16, containing the optical cluster NGC 6611) combined with near-infrared photometry from 2MASS. We use dust radiative transfer models, mid-infrared and near-infrared color-color analysis, and mid-infrared spectral indices to analyze point source spectral energy distributions, select candidate young stellar objects (YSOs), and constrain their mass and evolutionary state. Comparison of the different protostellar selection methods shows that mid-infrared methods are consistent, but as has been known for some time, near-infrared-only analysis misses some young objects. We reveal more than 400 protostellar candidates, including one massive young stellar object (YSO) that has not been previously highlighted. The YSO distribution supports a picture of distributed low-level star formation, with no strong evidence of triggered star formation in the ``pillars''. We confirm the youth of NGC 6611 by a large fraction of infrared-excess sources, and reveal a younger cluster of YSOs in the nearby molecular cloud. Analysis of the YSO clustering properties shows a possible imprint of the molecular cloud's Jeans length. Multiwavelength mid-IR imaging thus allows us to analyze the protostellar population, to measure the dust temperature and column density, and to relate these in a consistent picture of star formation in M16.