The structure of the accretion disk in NGC 4258 derived from observations of its water vapor masers

TL;DR

This study uses extensive VLBA and other radio observations to precisely map the warped structure, thickness, and kinematics of the maser disk in NGC 4258, providing insights into its physical conditions and potential for distance measurement.

Contribution

It offers the first detailed measurement of the disk's warp, thickness, and the physical conditions of the maser gas, refining models of the disk's structure and dynamics.

Findings

Disk warp precisely defined

Disk thickness measured at 12 microarcseconds

Maser motions consistent with Keplerian rotation

Abstract

A wealth of new information about the structure of the maser disk in NGC 4258 has been obtained from a series of 18 VLBA observations spanning three years, as well as from 32 additional epochs of spectral monitoring data from 1994 to the present, acquired with the VLA, Effelsberg, and GBT. The warp of the disk has been defined precisely. The thickness of the maser disk has been measured to be 12 microarcseconds (FWHM), which is slightly smaller than previously quoted upper limits. Under the assumption that the masers trace the true vertical distribution of material in the disk, from the condition of hydrostatic equilibrium the sound speed is 1.5 km/s, corresponding to a thermal temperature of 600K. The accelerations of the high velocity maser components have been accurately measured for many features on both the blue and red side of the spectrum. The azimuthal offsets of these masers from the midline (the line through the disk in the plane of the sky) and derived projected offsets from the midline based on the warp model correspond well with the measured offsets. This result suggests that the masers are well described as discrete clumps of masing gas, which accurately trace the Keplerian motion of the disk. However, we have continued to search for evidence of apparent motions caused by ``phase effects.'' This work provides the foundation for refining the estimate of the distance to NGC 4258 through measurements of feature acceleration and proper motion. The refined estimate of this distance is expected to be announced in the near future.