Instanton constituents in the O(3) model at finite temperature

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that instantons in the finite-temperature O(3) model are composed of fractional charge constituents, and explores their topological properties.

Contribution

It reveals the fractional charge structure of instantons in the finite-temperature O(3) model and discusses their topological characteristics.

Findings

Instantons are made of fractional charge constituents.

Topological properties of these constituents are analyzed.

Provides insight into finite-temperature effects in the O(3) model.

Abstract

It is shown that instantons in the O(3) model at finite temperature consist of fractional charge constituents and the (topological) properties of the latter are discussed.