Sporadic Long-term Variability in Radio Activity from a Brown Dwarf

TL;DR

This study investigates long-term radio variability in ultra-cool dwarf 2MASS J05233822-1403022, revealing sporadic flux changes over years and suggesting electron-cyclotron maser emission as a possible mechanism.

Contribution

It provides the first evidence of long-term sporadic radio variability in ultra-cool dwarfs, expanding understanding of their magnetic activity beyond pulsing behavior.

Findings

Radio flux varied by at least a factor of ten over two years.

No optical variability detected, indicating absence of large-scale spots.

Electron-cyclotron maser emission is favored as the radio emission mechanism.

Abstract

Radio activity has been observed in a large variety of stellar objects, including in the last few years, ultra-cool dwarfs. To explore the extent of long-term radio activity in ultra-cool dwarfs, we use data taken over an extended period of 9 hr from the Very Large Array of the source 2MASS J05233822-1403022 in September 2006, plus data taken in 2004. The observation taken in September 2006 failed to detect any radio activity at 8.46 GHz. A closer inspection of earlier data reveals that the source varied from a null detection on 3 May 2004, to $\approx$95 $\mu$Jy on 17 May 2004, to 230 $\mu$Jy on 18 June 2004. The lack of detection in September 2006 suggests at least a factor of ten flux variability at 8.46 GHz. Three short photometric runs did not reveal any optical variability. In addition to the observed pulsing nature of the radio flux from another ultra-cool source, the present observations suggests that ultra-cool dwarfs may not just be pulsing but can also display long-term sporadic variability in their levels of quiescent radio emission. The lack of optical photometric variability suggests an absence of large-scale spots at the time of the latest VLA observations, although small very high latitude spots combined with a low inclination could cause very low amplitude rotational modulation which may not be measurable. We discuss this large variability in the radio emission within the context of both gyrosynchrotron emission and the electron-cyclotron maser, favoring the latter mechanism.