Deep VLT infrared observations of X-ray Dim Isolated Neutron Stars

TL;DR

This study presents the deepest infrared observations of five X-ray Dim Isolated Neutron Stars using VLT, constraining spectral features and fallback disk presence, but finds no IR counterparts within detection limits.

Contribution

It provides the deepest IR limits for XDINSs and explores the potential existence of fallback disks and spectral turnovers in the IR spectrum.

Findings

No IR counterparts detected down to H=21.5-22.9.

Limits do not exclude IR spectral flattening.

Possible fallback disk remains consistent with observations.

Abstract

X-ray observations have unveiled the existence of a family of radio-quiet Isolated Neutron Stars whose X-ray emission is purely thermal, hence dubbed X-ray Dim Isolated Neutron Stars (XDINSs). While optical observations have allowed to relate the thermal emission to the neutron star cooling and to build the neutron star surface thermal map, IR observations are critical to pinpoint a spectral turnover produced by a so far unseen magnetospheric component, or by the presence of a fallback disk. The detection of such a turnover can provide further evidence of a link between this class of isolated neutron stars and the magnetars, which show a distinctive spectral flattening in the IR. Here we present the deepest IR observations ever of five XDINSs, which we use to constrain a spectral turnover in the IR and the presence of a fallback disk. The data are obtained using the ISAAC instrument at the VLT. For none of our targets it was possible to identify the IR counterpart down to limiting magnitudes H = 21.5 - 22.9. Although these limits are the deepest ever obtained for neutron stars of this class, they are not deep enough to rule out the existence and the nature of a possible spectral flattening in the IR. We also derive, by using disk models, the upper limits on the mass inflow rate in a fallback disk. We find the existence of a putative fallback disk consistent (although not confirmed) with our observations.