Numerical experiments with p F- and q D-strings: the formation of (p,q) bound states

TL;DR

This study models (p,q) string networks with realistic bound states and examines how long-range interactions influence their evolution, revealing that bound states significantly affect network dynamics without long-range forces, but are short-lived when such forces are present.

Contribution

It introduces a more realistic modeling of (p,q) string networks with bound states and analyzes the impact of long-range interactions on their evolution.

Findings

Bound states significantly influence network evolution without long-range interactions.

Long-range interactions cause bound states to be short-lived and minimally affect the network.

Modeling with different string tensions provides more realistic network simulations.

Abstract

We investigate the behaviour of (p,q) string networks, focusing on two aspects: (1) modelling more realistic (p,q) string networks than the Z_N networks used so far and (2) investigating the effect of long-range interactions on the evolution of the network. We model the network with no long-range interactions using two sets of fields, complex scalars coupled to gauge fields, with a potential chosen such that the two types of strings will form bound states. This way we can model junctions of 3 strings with different tension; in Z_N models used so far in simulations all the strings have identical tensions. In order to introduce long-range interactions we also study a network in which one of the scalars forms global strings. We observe that in the absence of long-range interactions the formation of bound states has a significant influence on the evolution of the network. When long-range interactions are turned on the bound states are short-lived and have a minimal effect on the network evolution.