Planets around evolved intermediate-mass stars. I. Two substellar companions in the open clusters NGC 2423 and NGC 4349

TL;DR

This study investigates planet formation around intermediate-mass red giants in open clusters, discovering a giant planet and a brown dwarf, and suggests that massive planet occurrence increases with stellar mass.

Contribution

First radial velocity survey around intermediate-mass red giants in open clusters, revealing new substellar companions and insights into planet formation dependence on stellar mass.

Findings

Discovered a giant planet orbiting a 2.4 M_sun star.

Detected a brown dwarf around a 3.9 M_sun star.

Indicates higher frequency of massive planets around intermediate-mass stars.

Abstract

Context. Many efforts are being made to characterize extrasolar planetary systems and unveil the fundamental mechanisms of planet formation. An important aspect of the problem, which remains largely unknown, is to understand how the planet formation process depends on the mass of the parent star. In particular, as most planets discovered to date orbit a solar-mass primary, little is known about planet formation around more massive stars. Aims. To investigate this point, we present first results from a radial velocity planet search around red giants in the clump of intermediate-age open clusters. We choose clusters harbouring red giants with masses between 1.5 and 4 M_sun, using the well-known cluster parameters to accurately determine the stellar masses. We are therefore exploring a poorly-known domain of primary masses, which will bring new insights into the properties of extrasolar planetary systems. Methods. We are following a sample of about 115 red giants with the Coralie and HARPS spectrographs to obtain high-precision radial velocity (RV) measurements and detect giant planets around these stars. We use bisector and activity index diagnostics to distinguish between planetary-induced RV variations and stellar photospheric jitter. Results. We present the discoveries of a giant planet and a brown dwarf in the open clusters NGC 2423 and NGC 4349, orbiting the 2.4 M_sun-star NGC2423 No3 (TYC 5409-2156-1) and the 3.9 M_sun-star NGC4349 No127 (TYC 8975-2606-1). These low-mass companions have orbital periods of 714 and 678 days and minimum masses of 10.6 and 19.8 M_jup, respectively. Combined with the other known planetary systems, these detections indicate that the frequency of massive planets is higher around intermediate-mass stars, and therefore probably scales with the mass of the protoplanetary disk.