High-harmonic generation in diatomic molecules: a quantum-orbit analysis of the interference patterns

TL;DR

This paper analyzes high-harmonic generation in diatomic molecules using quantum-orbit theory, focusing on interference effects and the impact of gauge choices and initial states on spectral patterns.

Contribution

It provides a detailed quantum-orbit analysis of interference patterns in HHG spectra, highlighting the effects of gauge, bound states, and introducing an alternative electron pathway with attosecond pulses.

Findings

Interference patterns are mainly due to electron orbits ending at different centers.

Gauge and initial state choices significantly influence spectral features.

Attosecond pulses can restore interference patterns in certain gauge and state configurations.

Abstract

We perform a detailed analysis of high-order harmonic generation in diatomic molecules within the strong-field approximation, with emphasis on quantum-interference effects. Specifically, we investigate how the different types of electron orbits, involving one or two centers, affect the interference patterns in the spectra. We also briefly address the influence of the choice of gauge, and of the initial and final electronic bound states on such patterns. For the length-gauge SFA and undressed bound states, there exist additional terms, which can be interpreted as potential energy shifts. If, on the one hand, such shifts alter the potential barriers through which the electron initially tunnels, and may lead to a questionable physical interpretation of the features encountered, on the other hand they seem to be necessary in order to reproduce the overall maxima and minima in the spectra. Indeed, for dressed electronic bound states in the length gauge, or undressed bound states in the velocity gauge, for which such shifts are absent, there is a breakdown of the interference patterns. In order to avoid such a problem, we provide an alternative pathway for the electron to reach the continuum, by means of an additional attosecond-pulse train. A comparison of the purely monochromatic case with the situation for which the attosecond pulses are present suggests that the patterns are due to the interference between the electron orbits which finish at different centers, regardless of whether one or two centers are involved.