On the Linearization of the Painleve' III-VI Equations and Reductions of the Three-Wave Resonant System

TL;DR

This paper extends similarity reductions of the three-wave resonant interaction system to its Lax pair, deriving new matrix Fuchs--Garnier pairs for Painleve equations, and applies integral transformations to study their properties and symmetries.

Contribution

It introduces new 3x3 matrix Fuchs--Garnier pairs for Painleve III-VI equations that are linear in the spectral parameter, enabling novel transformations and reductions.

Findings

Derived new 3x3 matrix Fuchs--Garnier pairs for Painleve III-VI.

Applied Laplace transform to relate these pairs to standard 2x2 pairs.

Discovered integral auto-transformation for Painleve V and relations between different pairs for Painleve III.

Abstract

We extend similarity reductions of the coupled (2+1)-dimensional three-wave resonant interaction system to its Lax pair. Thus we obtain new 3x3 matrix Fuchs--Garnier pairs for the third and fifth Painleve' equations, together with the previously known Fuchs--Garnier pair for the fourth and sixth Painleve' equations. These Fuchs--Garnier pairs have an important feature: they are linear with respect to the spectral parameter. Therefore we can apply the Laplace transform to study these pairs. In this way we found reductions of all pairs to the standard 2x2 matrix Fuchs--Garnier pairs obtained by M. Jimbo and T. Miwa. As an application of the 3x3 matrix pairs, we found an integral auto-transformation for the standard Fuchs--Garnier pair for the fifth Painleve' equation. It generates an Okamoto-like B\"acklund transformation for the fifth Painleve' equation. Another application is an integral transformation relating two different 2x2 matrix Fuchs--Garnier pairs for the third Painleve' equation.