Thermodynamics and the virial expansion for trapped fluids in arbitrary external potentials

TL;DR

This paper develops a comprehensive thermodynamic framework for fluids in arbitrary external potentials, applicable to classical and quantum systems, using virial expansion and generalized variables, with implications for ultracold gases.

Contribution

It introduces a generalized thermodynamics approach for confined fluids, deriving the equation of state and virial expansion for arbitrary potentials, and discusses measurement and local density approximation limitations.

Findings

Correct equation of state for confined fluids derived

Virial expansion adapted for arbitrary external potentials

Local density approximation valid in the thermodynamic limit

Abstract

We present the full thermodynamics of a fluid confined by an arbitrary external potential based on the virial expansion of the grand potential. The fluid may be classical or quantum and it is assumed that interatomic interactions are pairwise additive. We indicate how the appropriate "generalized" volume and pressure variables, that replace the usual volume and hydrostatic pressure, emerge for a given confining potential in the thermodynamic limit. A discussion of the physical meaning and of the measurement of these variables is presented. We emphasize that this treatment yields the correct equation of state of the fluid and we give its virial expansion. We propose an experiment to measure the heat capacity, so that with this quantity and the equation of state, the complete thermodynamics of the system may be extracted. As a corollary, we find that the so-called {\it local density approximation} for these systems follows in the thermodynamic limit, although we also point out that it cannot be used indiscriminately for all local variables. Along the text we discuss the relevance of these findings in the description of the currently confined ultracold gases.